Provide continuous ground planes and short return paths.
Keep switching loops in DC/DC converters and gate drivers compact.
Physically separate noisy power stages from analog, RF, and MCU areas, using ground fences and stitching vias.
Component protection layer
Apply TVS diodes, surge absorbers, ferrite beads, RC/LC filters, and common-mode chokes at power and signal interfaces.
Select automotive-grade parts qualified for temperature, vibration, and surge.
When these